Sovereign Land

Native American lands can be held in fee – that is, by purchase – or in trust. Federal code defines trust lands as areas whose title “is held by the United States in trust for an Indian tribe or individual.” Some tribal lands were allotted through the Dawes Allotment Act of 1887, in which 160-acre lots were issued and have since been subdivided through inheritances.

Tribes can purchase property anywhere and pay taxes and abide by laws that apply to all property owners. To put land in trust, tribes must apply to the U.S. Bureau of Indian Affairs and, if plans for the land involve gaming, must meet rules set forth in the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act. In either case, the federal government would consider whether the land is within or next to the tribe’s existing or historical jurisdiction. Applications involving gaming would get close scrutiny.

In the case of the house in Perry, the property is held in trust for the sole use of the Otoe-Missouria Tribe, a domestic sovereign nation whose jurisdiction encompasses Perry. Thus, a casino can be built legally on the property. Lands held in fee or trust are exempt from state and local mandates, so zoning laws don’t apply. Land in trust also can’t easily be sold, which further prompted Perry to negotiate with the tribe.

Tribal Chairman John Shotton said in an email that the trust land in Perry was given to tribal members in the days when Oklahoma was Indian Territory, and then was handed down over generations.

“The land was held in trust status for an individual Otoe-Missouri tribal member. The tribe purchased a majority interest in the property from the heirs of the original owner. The land was and continues to be held in trust status by the federal government under the jurisdiction of the Otoe-Missouria Tribe. The status has never changed, just the ownership,” Shotton said.

City Manager Mary Rupp said although some Perry residents are upset, others don’t care because they don’t patronize casinos and say they won’t be affected.

Shotton said the issue isn’t new to many native peoples.

“Many of the tribes in Oklahoma have casinos in residential areas,” Shotton said. “Specifically, near their own Indian housing developments. Both the casinos and the Indian housing are built on trust land held by the tribe. Our trust land is limited. We are not one of the tribes fortunate enough to own land near an interstate. We must build on the land available to us and in this case, that trust land is in the city of Perry.”

Payments to Perry

The tribe and Perry have set out the terms for the project and cooperation between them.

The agreement provides for a $250,000 payment in lieu of taxes from the Otoe-Missouria Tribe upon opening the casino, Rupp said. In each succeeding year, the tribe will pay $30,000 to the city “to help offset additional public services we many have to provide, such as law enforcement, fire and ambulance services,” Rupp said.

The number of trust or tribally owned properties in cities or towns can vary widely. A check of property records in Tulsa County, which falls within the Muscogee (Creek) Nation and Cherokee Nation jurisdictions, found more than 200 properties owned by the Muscogee (Creek) and up to about 20 owned by the Cherokee. County officials said they didn’t know how many have trust designation.

Oklahoma City lies outside of any tribe’s jurisdiction. But even there, several properties show ownership as “Cherokee Nation Trust” and other tribes’ names. Some are near or within residential zones, including one just north of State Fair Park.

Even if a tribe has the right to build a casino in or near a neighborhood, other barriers can arise. One is whether a casino in a neighborhood would attract much business. (The Perry casino’s parking lot would abut a street that is part of State Highway 77.) Another is whether the project would draw such heated opposition that it wouldn’t be worth the trouble and cost.

In Perry, the tribe has yet to apply to the Planning Commission for permission to turn two of the vacant lots into a parking lot. A city representative said there is no timetable on that expected move.

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